Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zemathiriyeli ekrwada kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuhlela. Kukho iindidi ezintandathu ngokubanzi.
Okokuqala, ngokwamacandelo ekhemikhali yokuhlelwa kwezixhobo eziluhlaza
Inokwahlulwa ibe yi-oxide ekrwada kunye ne-non-oxide ekrwada. Ngophuhliso lwenzululwazi yanamhlanje kunye nobuchwepheshe, ezinye iikhompawundi eziphilayo ziye zaba zizinto ezingaphambili okanye izinto ezincedisayo zokumelana nomlilo ophezulu.
Emibini, ngokwemichiza yolwahlulo lwemathiriyeli ekrwada
Ngokweempawu zeekhemikhali, ukuxhathisa umlilo izinto eziluhlaza zinokwahlulwa zibe yi-asidi yokumelana nomlilo, njenge-silica, i-zircon, njl.; Ukumelana nokungathathi hlangothi komlilo izinto eziluhlaza, ezifana ne-corundum, i-bauxite (i-acidic), i-mullite (i-acidic), i-pyrite (i-alkaline), i-graphite, njl.; I-alkaline ukumelana nomlilo izinto ezikrwada, ezifana ne-magnesia, isanti ye-dolomite, isanti ye-magnesia ye-calcium, njl.
Ezintathu, ngokohlelo lwenkqubo yokuvelisa umsebenzi
Ngokwendima yayo kwinkqubo yokuvelisa irefractory, imathiriyeli ekrwada inokwahlulwa ibe yimathiriyeli ekrwada ephambili kunye nezixhobo ezincedisayo.
Eyona mathiriyeli ekrwada ngumzimba ophambili wezinto eziphikisayo. Izinto ezincedisayo ezikrwada zinokwahlulwa zibe zizibophelelo kunye nezongezo. Umsebenzi we-binder kukwenza umzimba ochasayo ube namandla okwaneleyo kwinkqubo yokuvelisa kunye nokusetyenziswa. Ngokuqhelekileyo zisetyenziselwa i-sulfite pulp waste liquid, i-asphalt, i-phenolic resin, i-samente ye-aluminate, i-sodium silicate, i-asidi ye-phosphoric kunye ne-phosphate, i-sulfate, kunye nezinye izinto eziphambili zezinto eziluhlaza ngokwazo zinendima ye-agent edibeneyo, njengodongwe oludibeneyo; Indima yezongezo kukuphucula imveliso okanye inkqubo yokwakhiwa kwezinto eziphikisayo, okanye ukomeleza ezinye iipropathi zezinto eziphikisayo, ezifana ne-stabilizer, i-agent yokunciphisa amanzi, i-inhibitor, i-plasticizer, i-agent agent dispersant, i-agent yokwandisa, i-antioxidant, njl.
Ezine, ngokobume be-asidi kunye nokuhlelwa kwesiseko
Ngokutsho kweasidi kunye nealkali, imathiriyeli ekrwada yerefractory inokohlulwa ikakhulu kwezi ndidi zintlanu zilandelayo.
(1) Izinto ezixutywe neasidi
Ubukhulu becala izinto eziluhlaza ze-siliceous, ezifana ne-quartz, i-squamquartz, i-quartzite, i-chalcedony, i-chert, i-opal, i-quartzite, isanti emhlophe ye-silica, i-diatomite, ezi zixhobo ze-siliceous ziqulethe i-silica (SiO2) ubuncinane ngaphezu kwe-90%, izinto ezicocekileyo eziluhlaza zine-silica ukuya ngaphezu kwe-99%. Izinto eziluhlaza ze-siliceous zine-acidic kubushushu obuphezulu be-chemical dynamics, xa kukho ii-oxide zetsimbi, okanye xa zidibana nesenzo sekhemikhali, kwaye zidityaniswe kwi-silicates e-fusible. Ngoko ke, ukuba i-siliceous ekrwada iqulethe ixabiso elincinci le-oxide yensimbi, iya kuchaphazela kakhulu ukumelana nobushushu.
(2) imathiriyeli ekrwada eneasidi
Ubukhulu becala ludongwe olungagungqiyo. Kwinqanaba elidlulileyo, udongwe ludweliswe njengezinto ezine-asidi, eneneni ayifanelekanga. I-acidity yezinto ezinqabileyo ze-refractory zisekelwe kwi-silica yamahhala (i-SiO2) njengomzimba oyintloko, kuba ngokuhambelana nokwakheka kweekhemikhali zodongwe olunqabileyo kunye nezinto eziluhlaza, i-silica yamahhala kwi-refractory clay ingaphantsi kakhulu kune-siliceous raw materials.
Ngenxa yokuba kukho i-30% ~ 45% ye-alumina kudongwe olunqabileyo oluqhelekileyo, kwaye i-alumina inqabile i-free state, ibophelelwe ukuba idibaniswe ne-silica ibe yi-kaolinite (Al2O3 · 2SiO2 · 2H2O), nokuba kukho isixa esincinci se-silica, indima incinci kakhulu. Ke ngoko, ipropathi ye-asidi yodongwe olukhanyelayo lubuthathaka kakhulu kunolwakhiwo lwe-siliceous. Abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuba udongwe oluphikisayo kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu lokubola kwi-silicate yamahhala, i-alumina yamahhala, kodwa ingatshintshi, i-silicate yamahhala kunye ne-alumina yamahhala iya kudibaniswa kwi-quartz (3Al2O3 · 2SiO2) xa iqhubeka ishushu. I-quartz inokumelana ne-asidi elungileyo kwi-alkaline slag, kwaye ngenxa yokwanda kokwakheka kwe-alumina kudongwe oluphikisayo, i-asidi iyancipha ngokuthe ngcembe, xa i-alumina ifikelele kwi-50%, i-alkaline okanye iipropati ezingathathi hlangothi, ngokukodwa ezenziwe ngezitena zodongwe phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu, ubuninzi obuphezulu, i-compact, i-porosity ephantsi, ukuxhathisa kwi-alkaline slag yomelele kune-silika phantsi kweemeko zobushushu obuphezulu. I-quartz nayo icotha kakhulu ngokwe-erosivity yayo, ngoko ke sibona kufanelekile ukuhlela udongwe oluphikisayo njenge-semi-acidic. Udongwe oluchasayo lolona lwazi lusisiseko kwaye lusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwishishini le-refractory.
(3) izinto ezingathathi hlangothi
Izinto ezingathathi hlangothi ziyi-chromite, i-graphite, i-silicon carbide (i-artificial), phantsi kwayo nayiphi na imeko yobushushu ayiphenduli nge-asidi okanye i-alkaline slag. Okwangoku kukho izinto ezimbini ezinjalo kwindalo, ichromite kunye negraphite. Ukongeza kwigraphite yendalo, kukho igraphite eyenziweyo, ezi zinto zingathathi hlangothi, zinokuchasana okubonakalayo kwi-slag, eyona ifanelekileyo kwi-alkaline refractory materials kunye ne-acid refractory insulation.
(4) ialkaline refractory imathiriyeli ekrwada
Ikakhulu i-magnesite (i-magnesite), i-dolomite, i-lime, i-olivine, i-serpentine, i-alumina ephezulu ye-oksijini ekrwada (ngamanye amaxesha ingathathi hlangothi), ezi zixhobo zinamandla okumelana ne-alkaline slag, isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiziko le-alkaline, kodwa ngokukodwa kulula kunye ne-asidi ye-acid slag reaction yamachiza kwaye ibe yityuwa.
(5) Izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zokuchasa
Ikakhulu i-zirconia, i-titanium oxide, i-beryllium oxide, i-cerium oxide, i-thorium oxide, i-yttrium oxide njalo njalo. Ezi zixhobo eziluhlaza zinemigangatho eyahlukeneyo yokuchasana nazo zonke iintlobo ze-slag, kodwa ngenxa yokuba umthombo wezinto eziluhlaza awukho kakhulu, awukwazi ukusetyenziswa kwinani elikhulu loshishino oluchasayo, lunokusetyenziswa kuphela kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo, ngoko kubizwa ngokuba yizinto ezikhethekileyo zokumelana nomlilo.
Eyesihlanu, ngokwesizukulwana sokuhlelwa kwezinto ezikrwada
Ngokutsho kwesizukulwana semathiriyeli ekrwada, inokohlulwa ibe yimathiriyeli ekrwada yendalo kunye nezixhobo zokwenziwa zokwenziwa ngamacandelo amabini.
(1) imathiriyeli ekrwada yendalo
Izixhobo zendalo zamaminerali zisengowona mzimba uphambili wezinto eziluhlaza. Iiminerali ezenzeka kwindalo zenziwe ngezinto ezizenzayo. Okwangoku, kuye kwangqinwa ukuba isixa esipheleleyo seoksijini, i-silicon kunye ne-aluminiyam izinto ezintathu zithatha malunga ne-90% yexabiso lilonke lezinto ezikwi-crust, kunye ne-oxide, i-silicate kunye ne-aluminosilicate minerals akhawunti yeenzuzo ezicacileyo, ezingoovimba abakhulu kakhulu bezinto zendalo ezikrwada.
I-China inemithombo ecebileyo ye-refractory ekrwada, iindidi ezininzi. I-Magnesite, i-bauxite, i-graphite kunye nezinye izixhobo zinokubizwa ngokuba ziintsika ezintathu ze-refractory raw materials yase-China; I-Magnesite kunye ne-bauxite, oovimba abakhulu, umgangatho ophezulu; Umgangatho ogqwesileyo wodongwe lwe-refractory, i-silica, i-dolomite, i-magnesia dolomite, i-magnesia olivine, inyoka, i-zircon kunye nezinye izixhobo zisasazwa ngokubanzi.
Iindidi eziphambili zezinto ezibonakalayo zendalo zezi: i-silica, i-quartz, i-diatomite, i-wax, udongwe, i-bauxite, i-cyanite mineral raw materials, i-magnesite, i-dolomite, i-limestone, i-olivine ye-magnesite, i-serpentine, i-talc, i-chlorite, i-zircon, i-plagiozircon, i-perlite, i-iron ye-chromite yendalo.
Isithandathu, Ngokokwakheka kweekhemikhali, izixhobo zendalo ezingafunekiyo zinokwahlulwa zibe:
I-Silicous: njenge-crystalline silica, i-quartz sand cemented silica, njl.;
② isemi-siliceous (phyllachite, njl.)
③ Udongwe: njengodongwe oluqinileyo, udongwe oluthambileyo, njl.; Hlanganisa udongwe kunye ne-clinker yodongwe
(4) Ialuminiyam ephezulu: ekwabizwa ngokuba yijade, njenge-bauxite ephezulu, iiminerali ze-sillimanite;
⑤ I-Magnesium: i-magnesite;
⑥ iDolomite;
⑦ Chromite [(Fe,Mg)O·(Cr,Al)2O3];
Zircon (ZrO2 · SiO2).
Izinto ezikrwada zendalo zidla ngokuqulatha ukungcola okungaphezulu, ukubunjwa akuzinzanga, ukusebenza kuguquguquka kakhulu, zimbalwa izinto ezingasetyenziswanga ngokuthe ngqo, uninzi lwazo kufuneka zihlanjululwe, zibekwe ngokwenqanaba okanye zibe ne-calcined ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zemveliso yezinto eziphikisayo.
(2) izinto zokwenziwa zokumelana nomlilo
Iindidi zezimbiwa zendalo ezisetyenziselwa izinto ezikrwada zilinganiselwe, kwaye zihlala zingakwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zomgangatho ophezulu kunye nezixhobo zokumelana nobuchwepheshe obuphezulu kwiimfuno ezizodwa zoshishino lwanamhlanje. Synthetic refractory imathiriyeli ekrwada unako ukufikelela ngokupheleleyo abantu pre-eyilwe ukwakheka imichiza yezimbiwa kunye nolwakhiwo, ukuthungwa yayo enyulu, isakhiwo exineneyo, ukwakheka imichiza kulula ukulawula, ngoko umgangatho uzinzile, unokuvelisa iintlobo ngeentlobo izinto eziphambili refractory, yeyona imathiriyeli ekrwada eziphambili mihla ubuchule eliphezulu kunye nobuchwepheshe obuphezulu refractory izinto. Ukuphuhliswa kwezinto zokwenziwa kwe-refractory zikhawuleza kakhulu kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edlulileyo.
Iimathiriyeli zokwenziwa kwe-refractory ubukhulu becala ziyi-magnesium aluminium spinel, i-synthetic mullite, i-magnesia yamanzi olwandle, i-synthetic magnesium cordierite, i-sintered corundum, i-aluminium titanate, i-silicon carbide njalo njalo.
Ixesha lokuposa: May-19-2023
