Kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto ezikrwada ezinganyangekiyo kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuhlela. Kukho iindidi ezintandathu ngokubanzi.
Okokuqala, ngokweenxalenye zeekhemikhali zokuhlelwa kwezinto ezikrwada ezichasayo
Ingohlulwa ibe zizinto eziluhlaza ze-oxide kunye nezinto eziluhlaza ezingezizo ze-oxide. Ngophuhliso lwesayensi netekhnoloji yanamhlanje, ezinye izinto eziphilayo ziye zaba zizinto eziphambili okanye izinto ezincedisayo zezinto eziluhlaza ezisebenza kakuhle ekuchaseni umlilo.
Okwesibini, ngokweenxalenye zeekhemikhali zokuhlelwa kwezinto ezikrwada ezinganyangekiyo
Ngokweempawu zeekhemikhali, izinto ezikrwada zokumelana nomlilo zingahlulwa zibe zizinto ezikrwada zokumelana nomlilo ezine-asidi, ezifana ne-silica, i-zircon, njl.njl.; Izinto ezikrwada zokumelana nomlilo ezingathathi cala, ezifana ne-corundum, i-bauxite (i-asidi), i-mullite (i-asidi), i-pyrite (i-alkaline), i-graphite, njl.njl.; Izinto ezikrwada zokumelana nomlilo ezine-alkaline, ezifana ne-magnesia, isanti ye-dolomite, isanti ye-calcium ye-magnesia, njl.njl.
Ezintathu, ngokwenkqubo yemveliso yokuhlelwa komsebenzi
Ngokwendima yayo kwinkqubo yemveliso echasene ne-refractory, izinto ezingafunekiyo zingahlulwa zibe zizinto eziphambili kunye nezinto ezincedisayo.
Izinto ezisetyenziswa kakhulu zizinto ezingafunekiyo. Izinto ezisetyenziswa kakhulu zingahlulwa zibe zizinto ezincamathelayo kunye nezongezo. Umsebenzi we-binder kukwenza umzimba ongafunikiyo ube namandla aneleyo kwinkqubo yokuvelisa nokusetyenziswa. Ezisetyenziswa kakhulu yi-sulfite pulp waste liquid, i-asphalt, i-phenolic resin, i-aluminate cement, i-sodium silicate, i-phosphoric acid kunye ne-phosphate, i-sulfate, kwaye ezinye zezinto ezisetyenziswa kakhulu zidlala indima yee-bonding agents, ezifana nodongwe oludibeneyo; Indima yezongezo kukuphucula inkqubo yokuvelisa okanye yokwakha izinto ezingafunekiyo, okanye ukuqinisa ezinye iimpawu zezinto ezingafunekiyo, ezifana ne-stabilizer, i-water reducing agent, i-inhibitor, i-plasticizer, i-foaming agent dispersant, i-expansion agent, i-antioxidant, njl.
Isine, ngokwendalo ye-asidi kunye nokuhlelwa kwesiseko
Ngokwe-asidi kunye ne-alkali, izinto ezikrwada ezinganyangekiyo zingahlulwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezintlanu ezilandelayo.
(1) Izinto ezikrwada ezineasidi
Ngokuyintloko zizinto ezikrwada ze-siliceous, ezifana ne-quartz, i-squamquartz, i-quartzite, i-chalcedony, i-chert, i-opal, i-quartzite, isanti ye-silica emhlophe, i-diatomite, ezi zinto zikrwada ze-silica ziqulathe i-silica (i-SiO2) ubuncinane ngaphezulu kwe-90%, izinto ezikrwada ezicocekileyo zine-silica ukuya kuthi ga kwi-99%. Izinto ezikrwada ze-siliceous zi-acidic kwi-dynamics yeekhemikhali ezishushu kakhulu, xa kukho ii-oxide zesinyithi, okanye xa zidibana nesenzo seekhemikhali, kwaye zidityaniswe zibe zii-silicates ezifusible. Ke ngoko, ukuba izinto ezikrwada ze-siliceous zinomlinganiselo omncinci we-oxide yesinyithi, ziya kuyichaphazela kakhulu ukumelana kwayo nobushushu.
(2) izinto ezikrwada ezingathathi cala
Ngokuyintloko ludongwe oluchasayo. Kwixesha elidlulileyo, udongwe lwaludweliswa njengezinto ezine-asidi, eneneni alufanelekanga. I-asidi yezinto ezichasayo isekelwe kwi-silica ekhululekileyo (i-SiO2) njengomzimba oyintloko, kuba ngokwendlela yokwakheka kweekhemikhali zodongwe oluchasayo kunye nezinto eziluhlaza ze-siliceous, i-silica ekhululekileyo kudongwe oluchasayo incinci kakhulu kunezinto eziluhlaza ze-siliceous.
Ngenxa yokuba kukho i-30% ~ 45% ye-alumina kudongwe oluyi-refractory, kwaye i-alumina ayisoloko ikhululekile, ibopheleleke ukuba idityaniswe ne-silica ibe yi-kaolinite (Al2O3 · 2SiO2 · 2H2O), nokuba kukho isixa esincinci se-silica esigqithisileyo, indima incinci kakhulu. Ke ngoko, ipropathi ye-asidi yodongwe oluyi-refractory ibuthathaka kakhulu kuneyezinto eziluhlaza ze-siliceous. Abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuba udongwe oluyi-refractory xa lubola kubushushu obuphezulu lube yi-free silicate, i-free alumina, kodwa ayitshintshanga, i-free silicate kunye ne-free alumina ziya kuhlanganiswa zibe yi-quartz (3Al2O3 · 2SiO2) xa ziqhubeka zifudunyezwa. I-Quartz inokumelana okuhle kwe-asidi kwi-alkaline slag, kwaye ngenxa yokwanda kokwakheka kwe-alumina kudongwe oluyi-refractory, into ye-asidi yaya isiba buthathaka kancinci, xa i-alumina ifikelela kwi-50%, iipropathi ze-alkaline okanye ezingathathi cala, ngakumbi ezenziwe ngezitena zodongwe phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu, uxinano oluphezulu, i-fine compact, i-porosity ephantsi, ukumelana ne-alkaline slag kunamandla kune-silica phantsi kweemeko zobushushu obuphezulu. I-Quartz nayo icotha kakhulu ngokwendlela eguguleka ngayo, ngoko ke sibona kufanelekile ukwahlula udongwe oluyi-refractory njengolune-asidi encinci. Udongwe oluyi-refractory lolona lwakhiwo lusisiseko kwaye lusetyenziswa kakhulu kushishino oluyi-refractory.
(3) izinto ezikrwada ezingathathi cala
Izinto ezikrwada ezingathathi cala ikakhulu zii-chromite, i-graphite, i-silicon carbide (eyokwenziwa), phantsi kwayo nayiphi na imeko yobushushu azisabelani ne-asidi okanye i-alkaline slag. Okwangoku kukho izinto ezimbini ezinjalo kwindalo, i-chromite kunye ne-graphite. Ukongeza kwi-graphite yendalo, kukho i-graphite yokwenziwa, ezi zinto zikrwada ezingathathi cala, zinokumelana okukhulu ne-slag, eyona ifanelekileyo kwi-alkaline refractory materials kunye ne-acid refractory insulation.
(4) izinto ezikrwada ezichasene ne-alkaline
Ngokuyintloko yi-magnesite (i-magnesite), i-dolomite, ilayimu, i-olivine, i-serpentine, izinto ezikrwada ze-alumina ezineoksijini ephezulu (ngamanye amaxesha ezingathathi cala), ezi zinto zikrwada zinokumelana okukhulu ne-alkaline slag, ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-masonry alkaline furnace, kodwa ngakumbi i-acid slag chemical reaction ilula kwaye iba yityuwa.
(5) Izinto ezikhethekileyo ezichasayo
Ngokuyintloko i-zirconia, i-titanium oxide, i-beryllium oxide, i-cerium oxide, i-thorium oxide, i-yttrium oxide njl. Ezi zinto zikrwada zinamanqanaba ahlukeneyo okuxhathisa kuzo zonke iintlobo ze-slag, kodwa ngenxa yokuba umthombo wezinto ezikrwada awuninzi, awunakusetyenziswa kwinani elikhulu leenkampani ezichasayo, zingasetyenziswa kuphela kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo, ngoko ke zibizwa ngokuba zizinto ezikrwada ezichasayo zomlilo.
Ezintlanu, ngokwesizukulwana sokuhlelwa kwezinto zokwenza imveliso
Ngokwendlela izinto ezisetyenziswa ngayo, zingahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezimbini zezinto zokwenza izinto zendalo kunye nezinto zokwenziwa.
(1) izinto zokwenza izinto zendalo ezinganyangekiyo
Izinto zendalo eziluhlaza zisesezizinto eziphambili zezinto eziluhlaza. Iiminerali ezifumaneka kwindalo zenziwe zizinto ezizenzayo. Okwangoku, kuye kwabonakala ukuba isixa esipheleleyo seoksijini, isilicon kunye ne-aluminium zizinto ezintathu ezimalunga ne-90% yesixa esipheleleyo sezinto ezikuqweqwe, kwaye iiminerali ze-oxide, i-silicate kunye ne-aluminosilicate zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezicacileyo, eziziindawo zokugcina izinto zendalo eziluhlaza.
I-China inezixhobo ezityebileyo zezinto ezikrwada ezingaphiliyo, ezahlukeneyo. I-Magnesite, i-bauxite, i-graphite kunye nezinye izixhobo zinokubizwa ngokuba ziintsika ezintathu zezinto ezikrwada ezingaphiliyo zase-China; I-Magnesite kunye ne-bauxite, iindawo zokugcina ezinkulu, ezikumgangatho ophezulu; Udongwe olukrwada olusemgangathweni ogqwesileyo, i-silica, i-dolomite, i-magnesia dolomite, i-magnesia olivine, i-serpentine, i-zircon kunye nezinye izixhobo zisasazeke kakhulu.
Iindidi eziphambili zezinto zemvelo ezikrwada zezi: i-silica, i-quartz, i-diatomite, i-wax, udongwe, i-bauxite, izinto ze-cyanite mineral raw, i-magnesite, i-dolomite, i-limestone, i-magnesite olivine, i-serpentine, i-talc, i-chlorite, i-zircon, i-plagiozircon, i-perlite, i-chromium iron kunye ne-natural graphite.
Ezintandathu, Ngokwendlela ekwakhiwe ngayo iikhemikhali, izinto zemvelo ezikrwada zingahlulwa zibe:
I-Siliceous: njenge-crystalline silica, isanti ye-quartz ene-cemented silica, njl.njl.;
② i-semi-siliceous (i-phyllachite, njl.njl.)
③ Udongwe: njengodongwe oluqinileyo, udongwe oluthambileyo, njl.njl.; Hlanganisa udongwe kunye nodongwe oluyi-clinker
(4) I-aluminium ephezulu: eyaziwa ngokuba yi-jade, njenge-bauxite ephezulu, iiminerali ze-sillimanite;
⑤ I-Magnesium: i-magnesite;
⑥ I-Dolomite;
⑦ I-Chromite [(Fe,Mg)O·(Cr,Al)2O3];
I-Zircon (ZrO2·SiO2).
Izinto zemvelo ezikrwada zihlala ziqulathe ukungcola okuninzi, ulwakhiwo aluzinzanga, ukusebenza kuyatshintshatshintsha kakhulu, zimbalwa izinto ezikrwada ezinokusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo, uninzi lwazo kufuneka zicocwe, zilinganiswe okanye zifakwe i-calcium ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zemveliso yezinto ezikrwada.
(2) izinto zokwenziwa zokumelana nomlilo
Iintlobo zeeminerali zendalo ezisetyenziselwa izinto eziluhlaza zinqongophele, kwaye zihlala zingakwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zezinto ezichasene nobuchwepheshe obuphezulu kunye nezobuchwepheshe obuphezulu kwiimfuno ezikhethekileyo zoshishino lwanamhlanje. Izinto ezichasene nobugcisa obudibeneyo zinokufikelela ngokupheleleyo kulwakhiwo lwezimbiwa zeekhemikhali eziyilwe kwangaphambili kunye nolwakhiwo lwabantu, ubume bazo bumsulwa, buxineneyo, ulwakhiwo lweekhemikhali kulula ukululawula, ngoko ke umgangatho uzinzile, unokuvelisa iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto ezichasene nobuchwephesha obuphezulu, zezona zinto ziphambili zobugcisa obuphezulu kunye nezixhobo ezichasene nobuchwepheshe obuphezulu. Uphuhliso lwezinto ezichasene nobugcisa obudibeneyo lukhawuleza kakhulu kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edlulileyo.
Izinto eziluhlaza ezingafunekiyo zokwenziwa ikakhulu zii-magnesium aluminium spinel, i-synthetic mullite, i-sea water magnesia, i-synthetic magnesium cordierite, i-sintered corundum, i-aluminium titanate, i-silicon carbide njalo njalo.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Meyi-19-2023
